Revision f680a6e5868e2543549eccb094f0daafd46f06ad (click the page title to view the current version)
Changes from f680a6e5868e2543549eccb094f0daafd46f06ad to d694765af9eb41df185817f2e18dad4938eb88f3
---
title: Lecture: Edge Detection
categories: lecture
---
# Differentiation - The Canny edge detector
+ $\nabla I = [ I_x, I_y ]$ is the gradient vector.
+ It has length and direction in each pixel in the image.
+ Length $||\nabla I(x,y)||^2= \nabla I^T\nabla I$
+ Select points which satisfy two criteria
+ Local optimum *along the direction of the gradient*
+ Larger than a chosen threshold $\tau$.
+ Sometimes we use a soft and a hard threshold, where
points between the two thresholds are selected if they
are adjacent to other selected points.
+ We can calculate $\nabla I$ with either Sobel or the derivative
of a Gaussian.
# Connected Components
1. Start with a singleton set (single pixel).
2. Use a mask, typically a $3\times3$ patch and centre it at
each pixel already selected.
3. Pixels in the mask *and* the original image are added to the
set.
4. Iterate until no pixels are added.
# Line Fitting
1. Consider each connected component by itself;
each one is a set of pixels with $(x,y)$ co-ordinates.
2. Calculate the centre, that is the mean $(\bar x,\bar y)$.
2. Calculate pixel positions relative tp the, i.e.
$(\tilde x_i,\tilde y_i)$ where $\tilde x_i=x_i-\bar x$ and
$\tilde y_i=y_i-\bar y$.
3. Consider the matrix
$$D=
\begin{bmatrix}
\sum_i \tilde x_i^2 & \sum_i \tilde x_i\tilde y_i \\
\sum_i \tilde x_i\tilde y_i & \sum_i \tilde y_i^2 &
\end{bmatrix}
$$
4. Suppose as an example that the $\tilde y_i$ are (approximately)
zero and that there are many large $\tilde x_i$.
+ the matrix has one zero eigenvector and one eigenvector in the
direction of $x$.
+ the points form an edge in the $x$ direction
5. If the edge is rotated both $\tilde x_i$ and $\tilde y_i$ are
non-zero, but the eigenvectors behave the same.
+ One zero eigenvector
+ One eigenvector in the direction of the edge.
6. If the line is not straight, this is not perfect and the smaller
eigenvalue is also non-zero.
7. The line is described by $y\sin\theta-x\cos\theta=\rho$, where
$\rho$ is the distance between the line and the origin.
**TODO** drawing
See drawing in [Hough Tutorial](https://docs.opencv.org/3.4/d9/db0/tutorial_hough_lines.html)
+ Note the two points on the line at
$$\big(0,\frac{r}{\sin\theta}\big) \quad\text{and}\quad \big(\frac{r}{\cos\theta}\big)$$
+ Writing $y=\alpha x + \beta$, we obviously have
$$\beta=\frac{r}{\sin\theta}$$
+ We can solve for $\alpha$ to get
$$\beta=-\frac{r}{\cos\theta}$$
# Hough